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The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system on the North American continent, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system.[14][15]Its source is Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota and it flows generally south for 2,320 miles (3,730 km)[15] to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 32 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian mountains.[16] The main stem is entirely within the United States; the total drainage basin is 1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2), of which only about one percent is in Canada. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth-longest and fifteenth-largest river by discharge in the world. The river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[17][18]

Mississippi River

Mississippi River near Fire Point in Effigy Mounds National Monument, Iowa

Mississippi River basin

EtymologyOjibwe word misi-ziibi, meaning "Great River", or gichi-ziibi, meaning "Big River"Nickname(s)"Old Man River," "Father of Waters"[8][9][10]LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMinnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, LouisianaCitiesSaint Cloud, MN, Minneapolis, MN, St. Paul, MN, La Crosse, WI, Quad Cities, IA/IL, St. Louis, MO, Memphis, TN, Baton Rouge, LA, New Orleans, LAPhysical characteristicsSourceLake Itasca[11] - locationItasca State Park, Clearwater County, MN - coordinates47°14′23″N95°12′27″W - elevation1,475 ft (450 m)MouthGulf of Mexico

 - location

Pilottown, Plaquemines Parish, LA

 - coordinates

29°09′04″N89°15′12″W

0 ft (0 m)Length2,320 mi (3,730 km)Basin size1,151,000 sq mi (2,980,000 km2)Discharge  - locationmouth; max and min at Baton Rouge, LA[12] - average593,000 cu ft/s (16,800 m3/s)[12] - minimum159,000 cu ft/s (4,500 m3/s) - maximum3,065,000 cu ft/s (86,800 m3/s)Discharge  - locationSt. Louis[13] - average168,000 cu ft/s (4,800 m3/s)[13]Basin featuresTributaries  - leftSt. Croix River, Wisconsin River, Rock River, Illinois River, Kaskaskia River, Ohio River - rightMinnesota River, Des Moines River, Missouri River, White River, Arkansas River

Native Americans have lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries for thousands of years. Most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the native way of life as first explorers, then settlers, ventured into the basin in increasing numbers.[19] The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. In the 19th century, during the height of the ideology of manifest destiny, the Mississippi and several western tributaries, most notably the Missouri, formed pathways for the western expansion of the United States.