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by Laurence Steinberg
 By tracking students over a three-year period, we were able to see how they were doing in school at the beginning of the time period, which friends they were spending time with, and whether their school performance and behavior changed over time as a result. By comparing the academic careers of students who began high school with equivalent grades, but who had different sorts of friends during the school years, we were able to see whether the type of friends that adolescents have actually makes a difference in their school performance.
 The answer is that it most certainly does, especially in two areas: academic performance and delinquency. Youngsters whose friends were more academically oriented—that is, whose friends had higher grades, spent more time on homework, had higher educational aspirations, and who were more involved in extracurricular activities—did better over the course of high school than students who began school with similar records but who had less academically oriented friends. Similarly, students whose friends were more delinquent—who used more drugs and alcohol and who had more conduct problems—developed more problems themselves over time than did adolescents who began the study with the same behavior profile but who had friends who were less delinquent.
 These findings tell us, then, that parents have legitimate reason to be concerned about the qualities and values of their children's friends, especially during early adolescence, when susceptibility to peer influence runs strong. There is also reason to be concerned about the characteristics of the crowd to which an adolescent belongs, since our study found that this influence matters, too. All other things being equal, adolescents who are members of more academically oriented crowds do better in school than other students, whereas those who are members of more alienated crowds do worse and are more likely to get into trouble.
 How large a difference do friends make? In one set of analyses, we were able to contrast the influence of best friends with the influence of parents on two important outcomes: the grades in school that the adolescent was getting, and the adolescent's amount of drug and alcohol use. At least by high school, the influence of friends on school performance and drug use is more substantial than the influence of parents' practices at home. Parents may influence their children's long-term educational plans, but when it comes to day-to-day influences on schooling—whether students attend class, how much time they spend on homework, how hard they try in school, and the grades they bring home—friends are more influential than parents.

Decide which of the following statements (items 1 -6) areTrue (A) or False (B). 

1. T F The researchers compared groups of students with similar grades.
 2. T F They compared the students' grades at the beginning of the school year with their grades at the end of the year
 3. T F Students who had academically oriented friends had better grades over the course of high school.
 4. T F Students who had less academically oriented friends had worse grades.
 5. T F Close friends and crowds both had an important influence on students' grades and behavior.
 6. T F Parents and peers had a similar influence on students' grades.