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Ever since 1928, when Alexander Fleming serendipitously discovered penicillin oozing out of mold in a laboratory dish, "man and microbe have been in a footrace," says Dr. Richard Wenzel of the University of Iowa. It's a race in which the lead keeps changing. In 1946, just five years after penicillin came into wide use with World War II, doctors discovered staphylococcus that was invulnerable to the drug. No problem: smart pharmacologists invented or discovered (often in samples of soil they collected like souvenirs whenever they visited exotic locales) new antibiotics.