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Hot Rolling
I. The rolling process in a modern steel plant comprises two stages: 1) rolling ingots into semi-finished products and 2) rolling the semi-finished products into the finished ones. Ingots are usually of a square cross-section with rounded corners, and are first rolled into blooms or billets. These blooms or billets are simply square or rectangular bars of steel which are to be reheated and rolled into the final shapes. A bloom differs from a billet only in size. It is larger and is sometimes reheated and rolled into billets. Slabs are merely thick plates to be reheated and rolled into thinner plates. Blooms, slabs and billets are called the semi finished products as they are subjected to some additional finishing operations. The term “finished” product is usually applied to rails, plates, rounds and different shapes.
II. In accordance with their form, all finished products can be divided into four main groups:
1) special shapes or sections;
2) plate and sheet steel;
3) tubes;
4) special types of rolled products.
Steel sections are widely used in many branches of the industry for the manufacture of machines, steel structures and so on. Plate and sheet steela are classified according to their thickness. All products over 4 mm thick are called plate steel, comparatively wide products less than 4 mm in thickness are called sheet steel. Special types of rolled products include shapes for automobile and tractor industries, railway industry, for building construction.
III. The main requirements in rolling the finished products are: 1) to obtain a finished product of high quality not only in physical and mechanical properties, but to obtain a good surface as well; 2) to obtain a finished product of the desired size and shape at the highest rate of production and the lowest cost.